Trees are remarkable plants, and at no time is that more apparent than in the fall, when deciduous trees—bracing themselves for the winter—begin their transition into dormancy. The result is a vibrant and magnificent display of colors that, more often than not, feels like the trees are putting on for us. (Everyone loves a good shot of fall foliage reflecting off of a lake, anyway.)

The reality, of course, is that it’s not just an act of visual poetry – it’s chemistry. And while that might not explain the more existential questions we have about life and beauty and the cyclical behavior of nature, it can at least explain a.) why some trees turn the color they do and why some turn more vibrantly than others, b.) why some regions have better displays of foliage, and c.) how that changing of colors benefits the tree itself.

According to Regional Forest Health Coordinator Allen Smith, the answer to all of these questions is: “it depends.” Trees are surprisingly sensitive, and the reasons for a tree’s behavior in the fall could depend on the conditions it faced six or even nine months before. “Trees are entirely weather dependent,” says Smith. A drought in May could lead to a quick, underwhelming ting of foliage in November; a relentless heat wave in August can scorch tree leaves badly enough that they drop early and suddenly come autumn; and an early freeze from a cold front has the potential of sending trees into a panicked, sudden dormancy. In simpler terms, Smith says that “the healthier the leaf is to begin with, the more vibrancy you’re going to see in the fall.”

A more literal answer to “why leaves change color” is that they are colored by the same compound that makes up our complexion – pigments. The difference, of course, is that a tree’s pigmentation is predominantly influenced by the act of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is a molecule used in photosynthesis, and it’s responsible for the green pigment. That is why green is the dominate color of any tree leaf for the majority of its life cycle. What you might not know is that the other pigments—xanthophylls (yellows), carotenes (oranges), and anthocyanins (reds, purples, even blues and blacks)—have also been there all along. It’s only when the tree begins to prepare for dormancy that these other pigments are allowed to shine – mostly because, in preparation for winter, the tree stops producing chlorophyll, the green pigmentation fades, and the other pigments are made visible.

The question of why some trees change certain colors has a more tenuous answer. Asking why one tree turns orange, and another turns orange or red, is the same as asking why some squash are green and others are yellow, or why carrots are orange. The answer is in the question. Carotenes are pigments found in endless amounts of fruits and vegetables, including carrots, oranges, some bell peppers, even pumpkin squash. Xanthophylls meanwhile, the yellow pigment you’ll see in most transitioning trees, is the same pigment that colors egg yolks and, occasionally, parts of the human eye (that ring of gold that sometimes surrounds the iris). It is produced exclusively in plants, though, so it appears in humans and animals only through consumption.

The last of the primary pigments, and the most impressive of the fall colors, comes from anthocyanin. This is the same pigment that can be found in blueberries, blackberries, and red or violet roses. The coloration of the pigment depends on the PH level of the plant. The higher the PH level, the darker the coloration (from red, to purple, to blue, to black). This is the color you’ll see in red maples, black cherry trees, and Shumard oaks, etc.

All of these pigments are attached to chemicals that serve a purpose for the plant. Carotenoids (carotene and xanthophyll) help trees absorb light energy, which is key when transitioning into dormancy because—once the act of photosynthesis shuts down—the tree turns its focus to salvaging the energy in its leaves before they fall. Without photosynthesis to transform that light into sugar, the sunlight hitting the plant can actually become harmful: just as it can be harmful to us when we stay out in the sunlight too long. Carotenoids absorb that light to prevent sun damage, but anthocyanins go the extra mile. Unlike carotenoids, anthocyanins are generated for the sole purpose of shading the chlorophyll, preventing it from producing excess light energy. That’s why trees with anthocyanins are so much more vibrant: because that red pigment is being actively and intentionally produced to block sunlight.

Unfortunately, only 10% of trees in temperate climates produce that red pigmentation, so it’s a rare enough adaptation before you look into subtropical climates (e.g. most of the American south), where that number begins to drop. Very few areas of the country have a higher rate of anthocyanin-producing trees. New England, being the most pronounced, has forests with as much as 70% of its trees producing anthocyanin. The result is an autumnal woodland that mirrors the colors of an extraordinary sunset.

While it’s difficult (if not impossible) to match that level of color in the south, Texas does have its pockets of forest that defy their subtropical climate and produce magical, color-shifting leaves. The Lost Maples State Park, for instance, hosts a whole forest of native Texas Red Maple trees; Bald Cypresses along the Guadalupe and Comal Rivers turn a gorgeous rust in the fall, outlining rivers across the Texas hill country; and pockets of hardwoods in the eastern forests of Texas stand vibrantly yellow, orange and red against the evergreen sea of longleaf pines.

“It just really depends on the tree and the ecosystem,” says Sam Rhodes, a staff forester with the Texas A&M Forest Service. “We do have wonderful fall foliage down here, we just don’t have a lot of forest cover types like they do in the northeast.” Instead, the majority of Texas is occupied by oak and juniper woodlands. You can find pines and other hardwoods in the eastern regions of Texas, where more diverse forests provide to opportunity for fall foliage. The oak-mixed ecosystems of central-to-west Texas, however, tend to not be as showy as their counterparts further east. This can occur for a multitude of reasons: everything from heat scorching to the amount of carotenoids each tree produces. “Every tree is different,” says Rhodes, “so every tree is producing different quantities of those chemicals. If a tree doesn’t produce a whole bunch of it, it might not turn a whole bunch of colors in the fall. It might just turn brown, and then the leaf might fall.” And it almost always depends on their environment –everything from climate and the length of the summer, to the type of soil the trees are growing in.

One perk of living in the south, though, is the delayed and sometimes prolonged period of transition that our trees experience. THIS FOLIAGE MAP will show you how, even while the fast majority of the country has passed its peak display of foliage, Texas trees are still predominantly in the early stages of transition. While the rest of the country is hunkering down for the winter, we still have many trees, and so much color, to look forward to.

Download the TEXAS SCENIC VIEWS app to find a fall foliage hotspot or a road-trip route with gorgeous seasonal scenery near you.

Contacts:

Sam Rhodes, Staff Forester, Texas A&M Forest Service, samuel.rhodes@tfs.tamu.edu, (979) 458-6630

Allen Smith, Regional Forest Health Coordinator, Texas A&M Forest Service, lasmith@tfs.tamu.edu, (903) 297-5094

Stephen O’Shea, Communications Specialist, Texas A&M Forest Service, stephen.oshea@tfs.tamu.edu, (979) 458-6649

It’s at this time of year that we clearly understand why another term for autumn is “fall”! The slightest breeze brings down a shower of leaves from shade and ornamental trees. Blessed with an abundance of oak trees around my home, I’ve got a thick layer of leaves needing attention.

An old friend of mine, Butch, would tell me how he and his sons would spend the Thanksgiving break raking up leaves, picking up limbs, putting away tools, and wrapping up all gardening chores until it was time to start their vegetable garden again in early spring.

I don’t think that’s a bad idea at all. This Thanksgiving break may keep many of us closer to home, but I hope that we look at several good options of what to do with the abundance of leaves and pine straw that we often find in our landscapes.

One fun thing to do is to rake them into big piles for the kids to jump into and scatter around again. At least it’s the most fun for the kids. The least enjoyable is raking and bagging them.

While bagging for curbside garbage pickup is an option, I’d argue is the worst choice. The problem is that all those bags of leaves from across the community are sent to the landfill, wasting space in it and wasting a landscape asset.

Those leaves are all-natural, organic, weed-free, and using them somewhere in your landscape is the ultimate in recycling!

One choice some folks take is to do nothing and just let the leaves remain on top of your lawn all winter. This is not good for our southern turfgrasses. A dense layer creates a dark, damp, stagnant zone where diseases can proliferate, harming the turf.

Burning is not really the best option either. When younger, I thought it was cool to have a burning leaf pile, but neighbors who suffer from allergies or asthma often find that burning leaves aggravates symptoms and makes breathing difficult. Not too long ago, one of my neighbors came storming over after the ashes from my burning leaves drifted several down the road and settled on his newly waxed and detailed sportscar. I’m not sure that relationship has still mended.

If you leaf accumulation is not too thick, mowing the leaves in place is the easiest and most simple means of disposal. Many folks seem hesitant to recycle leaves back into the lawn, fearing they will create thatch or other problems. But research done in many parts of the country has shown that mowing leaves into the lawn does not cause any problems.

The best results are obtained by using a mulching mower which cuts and recuts leaves several times. The smaller the pieces, the quicker the microbes, which are active all year, can attack and break down the leaves into humus. I’m always amazed that they “disappear” into the turfgrass.

You will need to make two or more passes over larger tree leaves to get a finely shredded product. I

often wait until I think all the leaves are on the ground, but that may not be the easiest method. The deeper the layer, the more difficult it is to get them all shredded.

Sheet composting is an option for vegetable or new flower garden areas where you place a layer of shredded leaves over the surface of the soil and let them decompose in place. A thin layer of cotton seed meal will speed the decomposition. Alternatively, you can also rototill the layer of leaves into the soil.

If you want to go ahead and prepare your vegetable garden rows, place the loose leaves down the middles where your walkways will be. The raised rows will keep them from blowing away. Furthermore, you are building a walkway for next year and a composting trench to use in the following years.

I cannot brag too much on how mulching is a great way to deal with excess leaves. You can place leaves in the pathways of your garden and flower bed. Again, they provide dry footing to walk on, will decompose in place, help reduce weed problems, and enrich the soil, all at the same time.

Another use for shredded leaves is as a layer of mulch in perennial and shrub beds, and around the base of young trees. Just make sure that larger leaves are shredded first. Large leaves when dry are subject to being blown offsite. Large leaves when wet can mat into a nearly impermeable layer, restricting air and water movement.

For those who are blessed with an abundance of pine straw, a truly simple solution exists: rake and use as mulch. While most folks around our part of the world may think it unseemly to use in that manner, the majority of southern states, from Louisiana to the Atlantic, use it all the time.

My friend Clay Alverson has a successful business baling and selling pine straw throughout the south. We have it as a wonderful, natural resource and turn our noses up to it. If you do rake up any pine straw and bag it up, please send me an email and I’d love to come pick it up and take it to my house to use in my landscape!

Bottom line, take some time outside to clean up the leaves and pine needles, but use them in one of the ways that will benefit you and be an environmentally responsible.